mohasthan bangla History of Bogura
mohasthan bangla History of Bogura
Mahasthan or Mahasthangarh contains the ruins of Pundranagar, the oldest and largest city in Bangladesh. It is located 13 km north of Bogra city on the Dhaka-Dinajpur highway (24 ° 56 north latitude, 89 ° 918 east longitude). The rectangular ruin is 1500 m wide in the north-south and 1400 m wide in the east-west and is surrounded by a defensive wall at an average height of 6 m above the river level. Inside the wall, at the highest point of the south-east corner, is the tomb of Shah Sultan Mahiswar and a mosque of the Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar. A modern mosque has been built around this mosque and recently it has been expanded. Due to this, it has become impossible to carry out any excavation work here in future. The north, west and south sides of the fortified city were surrounded by a deep moat. To the north and west the trench is completely and to the south partial marks are observed. The river Karatoya was flowing towards the east then. The moat and the river will probably serve as a complementary defense to the city-fortress. Within a radius of 8 km to the north, south and west, scattered mounds can be seen in various places outside the city. These bear witness to the suburbs of the ancient provincial capital. Many tourists and scholars, especially Buchanan Hamilton, O'Donnell, Westmacott, Beveridge and Sir Alexander Cunningham visited the suburbs and mentioned it in their reports. But it is Sir Alexander Cunningham who is credited with identifying the ruins of the ancient city of Pundranagara in 179. The mention of ‘Pundangal’ (Pundranagar) in an inscription in the Brahmi script found here proves that the city was probably founded by the Mauryas and has been inhabited for a long time.
The first systematic excavation was carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India in 1928-29 under the supervision of KN Dixit and it was confined to three mounds. These mounds are part of the eastern wall, including the locally known Bairagir Vita, Govinda Vita and a tower known as Munir Ghun. Excavation then ceased for three decades. Excavations resumed in the early sixties and were carried out in the northern defensive wall area, Parshuram Palace, tomb area, Khodar Pathar Vita, Mankali Kunda Dhap and other places.
Preliminary reports of these excavations were published in 1985. After nearly two decades, excavations resumed in 1986, and continued almost every year until 1991. At this time the excavation was confined to the area near the tomb and to the north and east of the defensive wall. But the amount of work done at this stage was negligible compared to the size of the area. The history and cultural hierarchy of this place is still unknown. The need for a comprehensive search to reconstruct the ancient history of this archeological site and region and to learn about the organization of the ancient city has long been felt. As a result, a joint venture between Bangladeshi and French archaeologists undertook a joint venture in early 1993, under an agreement concluded between Bangladesh and France (1992). Since then, archeological excavations have been carried out every year in the vicinity of the center of the eastern defensive wall. Excavations have already been carried out by the Department of Archeology of Bangladesh at several places like Vasubihar, Bihar Dhap, Mangalkot and Godaibari outside the protected city. During excavations in the city, excavations have been carried out in several places up to the original soil of the archeological site. Of these, recent excavations conducted by the France-Bangladesh Mission have uncovered 18 construction layers. The following cultural sequences have been uncovered as a result of excavations conducted at different times since 1929 (including France-Bangladesh initiative)
The earliest eras include a large number of North Indian black smooth pots, roulette pots, black and red pots, black coated pots, gray pots, stone pots, earthenware floors (kitchens) with earthen floors, as a reminder of pre-Maurya culture. Stove and stove holes. Northern black smooth pots were found in greater quantities at the lowest levels. Among these are dishes, cups, glasses and basins. A brick floor was found in a very limited area at this level. But so far no walls related to the floor have been found. Probably the first settlements were formed here on the Pleistocene terrain. The radioactive carbon date of the upper settlement is found in the last part of the fourth century BC. From this it can be inferred that this level of settlement dates back to pre-Maurya period. It is necessary to determine whether this primitive settlement level is associated with Nanda or almost historical culture.
Archaeological finds in the 2nd period include broken tiles (known to be the oldest known tile for such roofs), fragments of bricks used for mixing or bonding earthen walls (sometimes for household purposes such as stoves, terracotta wells), northern black smooth pots, Ordinary pots of red or pale yellow color, ring stones, bronze mirrors, bronze lamps, molded coins, terracotta plaques, terracotta animals, beads of semi-precious stones and beads of stone. Some radioactive carbon dates (36-182 BC, 361-183 BC) and cultural products include this period in the Maurya period.
The third age includes the post-Maurya (Shunga-Kushan) period. Significant architectural ruins of large and relatively well-preserved bricks, brick laying floors, pole holes, terracotta wells, lots of terracotta slabs featuring horns, semi-precious stone (agate carnelian, quartz) beads, rhubarb, Copper coins, terracotta temple tops, moderately red or yellow colored pottery (especially dishes, cups, bowls) and gray pottery have been found. The northern black smooth pot of thick weave is less at this level than the Maurya layer. The serial levels of some radioactive carbons are 197-48 BC, 60 BC-162 BC, 40 BC-122 BC. Signs of the Kushan-Gupta period have been uncovered during this period of the fourth period. A large number of Kushan pottery fragments and a large number of terracotta plaques with specific contemporary artistic features have been discovered in this period. The main types of pottery are cooking utensils with engraved designs, saucers, bowls, syringes and lids. The architectural ruins in this part are less than the upper and lower levels. There are pieces of broken bricks as examples of architecture. Other cultural items include terracotta beads, baskets, stones and glass beads, glass bangles and terracotta seals.
The fifth age bears the identity of the Gupta and post-Gupta eras. The radioactive carbon method gives the serial numbers from 361 to 594 AD. At this stage, near the fort-city, the ruins of a huge brick structure of the temple known as Govinda Vita of the later Gupta period and the ruins of brick houses, floors and roads were found in the city. There are also a large number of artefacts, including the typical terracotta plaques, seals, glass and almost-precious stone beads, terracotta spheres and discs, copper and iron products, and imprinted vessels.
The Sixth Age This period is identified with the Pala period by a few scattered archeological ruins on the east side of the city, such as Khodar Pathar Vita, Mankali Kunda Dhapa, Parshuram's palace and Bairagir Vita. This stage was the most prosperous and during this period a large number of Buddhist buildings were built outside the city.
The ruins of a 15-domed mosque built on the ruins of a previous era at Mankali Kunda in the 7th century, the ruins of a single-domed mosque built by Farrukh Siyar, and other Chinese artefacts, such as the Chinese celadon and the shiny earthenware characteristic of this era.
Mahasthan and Mahasthangarh Representatives
Mahasthan or Mahasthangarh represents the oldest and largest archeological site in Bangladesh, consisting of the ruins of the ancient city of Pundranagar. The place is 13 km north of Bogra city on Dhaka-Dinajpur highway. The ruins form a rectangular plateau measuring 1500m N-S and 1400m E-W, surrounded by a wall that rises to an average height of 6 m above river level. The highest point in the siege in the south-east corner is occupied by the tomb of Shah Sultan Mahisawar and a mosque by the Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar. The latter is surrounded by a modern mosque, which has recently expanded, a development that hinders future excavation opportunities here.
The north, west and south sides of the fortified city were surrounded by a deep moat, the marks of which were visible on the two sides of the front and partially on the back. The river Karatoya flows on the east side. Trenches and river forts can serve as the city's second line of defense. Within a radius of 8 km to the north, south and west, many isolated mounds can be seen at various places outside the city, which testifies to the existence of the outskirts of the ancient provincial capital.
Many travelers and scholars, especially Buchanan, O'Donnell, Westmact, Beveridge and Sir Alexander Cunningham have visited the site and mentioned it in their reports. But it was Cunningham who identified the ruins in 1879 as the ancient city of Pundranagara.
The city was probably founded by the Mauryas, as evidenced by a fragmentary stone inscription mentioned in the Brahmi script (Mahasthan Brahmi inscription) Pudangala (Pundranagar). It was uninterruptedly inhabited for a long time.
The first regular excavations were carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India in 1928-29 under the direction of KN Dixit and it was confined to three mounds locally known as Bairagir Vita, Govinda Vita and a part of the eastern wall. The fort is known as Munir Ghun. After that the work was stopped for three decades. It was reopened in the early sixties when excavations were carried out in the northern palace area, Parashuram Palace (Parashuram's Prasad), shrine area, Khodar Pathar Vita, Mankali Kunda mound and other places. Preliminary reports of the excavation were published in 1975. After nearly two decades, excavation work resumed in 1988. This continued almost every year until 1991. During this period the work was confined to the area near the shrine and between the north and east wall walls. But the work done in this episode was of negligible scope compared to the size of the site. The history and cultural order of the site has not yet been established.
The need for a thorough investigation to reconstruct the early history of the site and region and to understand the organization of the ancient city began to be felt. Consequently, under an agreement between the governments of Bangladesh and France (1992), a joint venture between Bangladeshi and French archaeologists was adopted in early 1993. Every year since then, archaeological excavations have been carried out in the area between the eastern walls. . The Archaeological Survey of Bangladesh has previously conducted excavations at several places outside the protected city, such as Vasu Bihar (Vasu Bihar), Bihar Dhap, Mangalkot and Godaibari.
Excavations at several points in the city have resulted in the arrival of virgin soil. In the recent excavations conducted by the France-Bangladesh Mission, the levels of 18 buildings have been exposed. The works performed at different times from 1929 to the present (including the France-Bangladesh expedition) reveal the following cultural order:
Period I represents the pre-Maurya cultural epoch which consists of a large quantity of B Phase Northern Black Polished Wire (NBPW), Routed War, Black and Red Wire (BRW), black slipped goods, gray warehouse, stool quarns, earthen house. (Kitchen) with earthen floor, stove and post-hole. Fine NBPW is more numerous at the lowest level; The main types of dishes, cups, beakers and bowls. Only a brick-paved floor has been found in a very limited area of this level, but no wall attached to this floor has been uncovered so far. It turns out that the earliest settlements were on top of the Pleistocene formation. No specific date for this preliminary settlement has been confirmed. But some radiocarbon dates from the upper layers date back to the late 4th century BC. This indicates that the 'early settlement' was in the pre-Maurya period. We need to make sure that this episode belongs to Nanda or pre / proto-historical culture.
NBPW, pale red or buff accessories, ring stones, bronze mirrors, bronze lamps, copper coinage, terracotta plaques, terracotta animal statues, semi-precious stone beads, stone mullers and quartz. Several chronological radiocarbon dates (366-162 BC, 371-173 BC) and cultural materials indicate that this episode represents the Mauryan era.
Phase III represents the post-Maurya (Shunga-Kushan) phase. It is characterized by significant architectural remnants of larger and more well-preserved brick houses, brick-paved floors, post-holes, terracotta ring wells, abundant terracotta plaques, and semi-precious stone beads (agate, carnelian). , Quartz), silver punch marked coins, silver bangles, copper casting coins, antimony rods, terracotta tops, lots of common pale red or buff items (especially dishes, cups and bowls) and gray accessories. NBPW certainly occurs in fabrics at a lower frequency than the Maurya level. Some radiocarbon dates give a calibrated interval of 197-46 BC, 60 BC-172 AD, 40 BC-122 AD.
Period IV represents the Kushan-Gupta period. It has been characterized by the discovery of a considerable number of Kushan pottery and terracotta statues with a definite stylistic connection to the contemporary rhetoric. The main pottery types are handling cooking utensils with cut designs, sauces, bowls, sprinklers and lids. The remnants of architecture are much less than its lower and upper levels. Building materials are represented by small pieces of brick. Other cultural materials include terracotta beads, bowls, stone and glass beads, glass bangles, terracotta seals and ceilings. Gold coin
Period V represents the secret and last-secret episodes. The radiocarbon data of this period give a calibrated date between 361 AD and 594 AD. Stage Remains of a huge brick structure of a temple called Govinda Vita, located near the fort-town, towards the end of the Gupta period, as well as other brick structures - houses, floors, streets - in the city and huge. Featured style antique items including terracotta plaques, seals, seals, terracotta beads, glass and semi-precious stones, terracotta balls, discs, copper and iron objects and stamped items.
The sixth period represents the Pala period, as evidenced by the architectural remnants of various places scattered to the east of the city, such as the stone vita of God, the tank of Mankali, the palace of Parshuram, and the vita of the monk. It was the most prosperous period and during this period a large number of Buddhist monuments were built outside the city.
Period VII represents the Muslim period that bears witness to the architectural remnants of the 15-domed mosque built on the earlier period at Mankali Kunda, a single-domed mosque built by Farrukh Siyar, and other antiquities such as Chinese celadon and glazed wire featuring the era. The Vita of Bairagir, the Vita of God's Stone, the mound of Mankali's Kunda, the mound of Parshuram's palace and the Ziaat Kunda are some of the archeological things inside the city that are of interest. In addition to these sites, excavations in 1988-91 found three entrances to the city, a significant portion of the north and east walls, and a temple complex near the shrine area. Two of the three entrances are located on the north wall; One is 5 m wide and 5.8 m long and is located 442 m east of the northwest corner of the fort and the other is 6.5 m east, 1.6 m wide. The entrances were used in two stages related to the early and later Pala period. The only entrance to the eastern wall, located in the middle of Parshuram's palace and 100 m east, is about 5 m wide and is thought to have been built on the remnants of an earlier entrance towards the end of the Pala period, which has not yet been completed. Open
India won the series by defeating New Zealand
Just like the replay of Jaipur was seen in Ranchi. Rohit Sharma and Lokesh Rahul were the first to hold New Zealand close to 150 runs. The dew on the field made the job easier for the batsmen. India won the first two matches and won the T20 series. After winning the captaincy of the T20 team, Rohit won the first series. On the other hand, Rahul Dravid, who was successful in the first series after becoming the coach. The Rohits will be aiming to whitewash the series by winning the third match in Eden on Sunday.
After winning the toss, Rohit decided to bowl first. New Zealand openers Martin Guptill and Daryl Mitchell got off to a great start. Guptill scored 14 runs in Bhubaneswar Kumar's first over. He also became the highest run scorer in international T20, surpassing Virat Kohli. Deepak Chahar gave the first push to New Zealand. Guptill was dismissed for 31 runs.
Mitchell, Chapman, Phillips all got runs but no one could make big runs. The wickets are read at regular intervals. Experienced spinner Ravichandran Ashwin bowled hard in the middle over. Hershel Patel, who came down to play his first match in the Indian jersey, also bowled very well. He took 2 wickets with 25 runs. In the end, New Zealand lost 6 wickets in 20 overs and scored 153 runs.
India's two openers Rohit and Rahul started chasing down the runs. After the power play, the run rate decreased a bit but the wicket did not fall. Rohit hit two huge sixes in Santner's over to speed up the run. Rahul retained his World Cup form. He completed his half-century by hitting Milne with a six.
Rahul was dismissed for 75 runs. Young Benkatesh Ayre came down to bat at number three. Rohit played several big shots after Rahul was out. He also hit a half-century by hitting Milne with a six. However, Rohit was dismissed for 55 runs. Suryakumar Yadav did not get a run. In the end, India won the match by seven wickets with 16 balls to spare with a pair of sixes by Rishabh Panth. Rishabh and Ayyar are both unbeaten on 12.
This time the Muslim leaders appealed to withdraw the CAA
Muslim leaders on Friday demanded the repeal of the controversial Citizenship Amendment Act after announcing the repeal of the controversial Agriculture Act in India. Farmers in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are protesting against the repeal of the Agriculture Act. Muslims all over India were vocal against CCAA. But the Indian government did not pay attention to it. It has been shown indifference by considering it only as a problem of Muslims. Inequality shown. That is the complaint.
Syed Sadatullah Hussaini, president of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, said: "We are now urging the government to look into other anti-people and unconstitutional laws such as the CAA-NRC. We are happy that Prime Minister Narendra Modi has finally accepted the demands of the farmers. If it had been done earlier, many losses could have been avoided.
Arshad Madani, head of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, welcomed the decision to repeal three agricultural laws. "The government should withdraw the CAA now," he said in a statement. We should congratulate the farmers. They have made many sacrifices. Every effort has been made to suppress the peasant movement like other movements in the country. There has been a conspiracy to divide the peasants. But they have remained steadfast in their position by accepting all kinds of sacrifices. He added, 'The truth has come out again. If we run the movement with honesty and patience for a just cause, success will come one day. '
Arshad Madani also said, “The Prime Minister has said that the structure of our country is democratic. Now he should pay attention to the law that has been brought about Muslims. The CAA should be repealed like the agricultural law.
21 candidates fined Tk 1 lakh 40 thousand for violating code of conduct
A mobile court has fined 21 candidates Tk 140,000 for violating election code of conduct in Brahmanbaria's Sarail.
A mobile court led by Executive Magistrate Samin Sarwar of the Shahjadapur, Shahbazpur and Noagaon Unions of the upazila conducted the operation till 8pm on Friday and with the help of Sarail police.
A total of 10 chairman, eight general members and three reserved women members were fined Tk 140,000 in 21 cases for violating the code of conduct during the campaign.
Shahjadapur Union Parishad Langal Pratik chairman candidate Ataur Rahman Bakul Master was fined Rs 5,000, boat symbol Achma Akter Rs 10,000, pineapple symbol Md Agur Mia Rs 10,000, horse symbol Arman Mia Rs 10,000 and motorcycle symbol Rafiqul Islam Khokon Rs 5,000.
Shefali Begum, a candidate for the Sunflower symbol of the same union, got five thousand rupees, Farooq Mia got eight thousand rupees for Latim symbol, Jasim Mia got four thousand rupees for football symbol and Milon Mia got seven thousand rupees, Nazma Begum got four thousand rupees for Mike symbol, Sudhanshu got four thousand rupees for apple symbol and Kakli got six rupees for Buck symbol. Ali Raja was fined Rs 8,000 for the lock symbol, Sharmin Begum Rs 3,000 for the palm tree symbol and Feroz Mia Rs 3,000 for the buck symbol.
In Shahbazpur Union, Khairul Huda Chowdhury Badal, chairman candidate for boat symbol, was fined Rs 8,000, Md Rubel Rs 8,000 for pineapple symbol and Rajib Ahmed Rs 7,000 for CNG symbol. In the same union, Jahangir Mia, a candidate for the post of member of Morak Pratik, was fined five thousand rupees.
Noagaon union chairman candidate Mansur Ahmed was fined Tk 7,000 and pineapple symbol chairman candidate Aftab Mia was fined Tk 10,000 in a mobile court.
The Israeli couple detained in Turkey have been released
An Israeli couple accused of spying for the Turkish president's palace have been released.
Murdoch and Natalie Okinin were released on Thursday. The couple and the Israeli government have denied the allegations.
After their release, the couple flew from Istanbul to Tel Aviv.
"Thanks to the whole nation of Israel," Natalie Okinin told reporters at Tel Aviv's Benghazi airport. Thanks to those who helped and supported us and made our liberation possible. '
Earlier on Friday, they were arrested from Chamilcha TV and Radio Tower in the Asian part of Istanbul. They were accused of taking pictures of the presidential palace in Istanbul.
The Israeli couple, on the other hand, denied that they had taken pictures of the Ottoman-era Dolmabahচেe palace in the European part of Istanbul.
The Israeli couple was sentenced by an Istanbul court to 20 days in custody following the allegations.